Book Report on Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of...

Book Report on Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Kant Kant states (38,) act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature. This categorical imperative forms the basis of his book, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. Though at times his writing is confusing Kant lays out his logic as to what a categorical imperative is. Kant divides the book into three sections. The first explains the transition from everyday moral beliefs to the philosophy of those morals. The transition from popular moral philosophy to the metaphysics of morals is explained in Section II. Kant ends the book explaining how the metaphysics of morals is seen in everyday moral†¦show more content†¦Kant provides two reasons to study the metaphysics of morals. First, to understand a priori morals we must investigate their course. Second, morals may be corrupted if we fail to understand and estimate them correctly. Section 1 begins with the idea that the only thing absolutely good is a good will(11). Accord ing to Kant acts of courage and perseverance can be negative if a dubious idea is driving them. Kant uses Duty as an example of good will but provides three qualifications. For an action to have moral worth it must be done from duty. He is careful to distinguish three forms of duty; from duty, conforming to duty and as duty requires (15). A morally good action is not based on anything or done out of want for any object or inclination. It is performed simply because it is. For example, a man rescues a cat from a tree because he knows there is a reward offered. The man performs the act for a monetary purpose. An act driven by any possible reaction can not be based on good will. Good will is good in itself (12). In Section II Kant provides an in-depth explanation of what a categorical imperative is. He first defines an imperative as a command that is obligatory for a will (30). In other words it is something we ought to do. He goes on to differentiate the two kinds of impera tives, hypothetical and imperative. An action based on a hypothetical imperative is done for the result while aShow MoreRelatedKant and Equality7623 Words   |  31 PagesKANT AND EQUALITY Some readers of this essay will have become impatient by now; because they believe that the problem that perplexes me has been definitively solved by Immanuel Kant. It is certainly true that Kant held strong opinions on this matter. In an often-quoted passage, he reports a personal conversion from elitism: â€Å"I am myself a researcher by inclination. I feel the whole thirst for knowledge and the eager unrest to move further on into it, also satisfaction with each acquisition. 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Impending Death inThe Stranger by Albert Camus Essay

In The Stranger by Albert Camus, the main character, Meursault, is an absurdist who lives in the moment and refuses to be distracted by societal norms. He views the world as random and is indifferent to it. But to many French people living in Algeria, religion, social order and character are intertwined and are imperative to human life. Camus uses the crucifix and the courtroom to convey the idea that religion is man’s desperate attempt to create meaning in life where there is none. The entire second half of the novel is set in the courtroom, which symbolizes society’s views towards life and social order. After Meursault murderers an Arab man on the beach while vacationing with his friends, he is convicted and is placed on trial for his†¦show more content†¦Both Meursault’s lawyer and the prosecutor create explanations for Meursault’s crime that are based on reason and logic. The prosecutor even claims to have figured out the intent behind Meursault’s actions saying, â€Å"I have retraced for you the course of events which led this man to kill with full knowledge of his actions†(100). However, rationalizing behavior only serves to deny the alarming idea that the world is completely random. Therefore, Meursault’s trial shows absurdity and society’s futile attempt to impose rationality on every aspect of the universe. The crucifix not only symbolizes Christianity, but also the afterlife, social order, and society’s acceptance of a deeper meaning. When the magistrate demands to know why Meursault continued to shoot the Arab’s body, he is unable to get the answer he wants. Meursault quietly observes when â€Å"he took out a silver crucifix which he brandished as he came toward me...Speaking very quickly and passionately, he told me that he believed in God, that it was his conviction that no man was so guilty that God did not forgive him, but in order for that to happen a man must repent and in so doing become like a child whose heart is open and ready to embrace all...He was waving his crucifix almost directly over my head† (68). Although the magistrate tries to be threatening, Meursault views him as being foolish because it didnt matter why he hesitated

Keller’s Brand Value Chain Free Essays

The Brand Value Chain(BVC) is a structured approach to assessing the sorces and outcomes of brand equity and the manner by which marketing activities create brand value. It provides insights to support the various decision makers in the company and stresses that every member of the company contribute to this branding effort. It believes that the value of rand ultimately resides with customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Keller’s Brand Value Chain or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several steps to this when we look at this value creation process. Step I) Firm invests in a marketing program targeting actual or potential customers * Step II) The associated marketing activity then affects the customer mind-set –what the customers know and feel about the brand. * Step III) This produces the brand’s performance in the marketplace – how much and when customers purchase, the price that they pay and so forth. * Step IV)The investors considers this market performance and other factors to arrive at an assessment of shareholder value in general and a value of the brand. This model also assumes that there are a number of linking factors that intervene between these stages. These linking factors determine the extent to which value created at one stage transfers or â€Å"multiplies† to the next stage. * The three stages of multipliers moderates transfer between the marketing program and the three value stages: the program quality multiplier, the marketplace condition multiplier and the investment sentiment multiplier. Step I) Marketing Program Investment Firm invests in a marketing program targeting actual or potential customers. This can be intentional or unintentional.It is outlined by many activities such as product research, development, design, trade or intermediary support; marketing comm incl advertising, promotion, sponsorship, direct and interactive marketing, personal seling, publicity and personal relations and employee training. Big not always good. Multiplier I) Program Quality Multiplier The ability of the marketing program to affect the consumers will depend on its quality. The question is on what basis should it be judged. There are four major ones 1) Clarity: The understability of the brand is what is meant here.A brand with strong clarity will be easily interprested and evaluated by the consumers. It should leave an imprint and should not leave a doubt in the consumers mind when a brand is put in front off them. The program should answer the question of what is the brand. 2) Relevance: This is the meaningfulness of the program. A brand with strong relevance should make consumers take the brand seriously. It should make them believe that the brand exists for a reason. It should be clear to them about WHY they need it. 3) Distinctiveness: It is matter of uniqueness.The program should be differentiated so it doesn’t get lost in the sea of millions of other programs available to the consumers. It should be able to explain the brand to the people by grabbing their attention. 4) Consistency: The marketing program needs to cohesive and well-integrated. All the aspects must converge to create an impact on customers. And, it should also not differentiate from the past programs greatly and if there is a need to there needs to be a balance of continuity and change while evolving the brand in the right direction. Step II) Consumer Mind-SetThe associated marketing activity then affects the customer mind-set – what the customers know and feel about the brand. The mind-set includes everything that exists in the minds of the consumers: thoughts, feelings, experiences, images, perception and attitudes. If we understand this we can pretty much gauge the value of the brand. There are mainly five dimensions 1) Brand Awareness: The extent and ease with which customers recall and reorganize the brand and can identify the products and services with which it is associated. It measures consumers’ knowledge of a brand’s existence.This is probably the first step to having a mind-set as without knowing a brand, one cannot judge it. A deep and broad brand awareness is what most companies look for. 2) Brand Association: The strength, favorability and uniqueness of perceived attributes and benefits for the brand. This is the sectors which give key sources of brand equity as these are the means that satisfy the needs of the consumers. If they see that a brand fulfills a task that they need whether functionally, aesthetically, socially or otherwise, it would have major brand associations. ) Brand Attitudes: These are overall evaluations of the brand in terms of its quality and satisfaction it generates. Positive brand judgements. A customer after fulfilled with his need needs to feel that the brand is awesome. 4) Brand Attachment: The degree of loyalty the customer feels towards the brand. A strong form of attachment, adherence, is the consumer’s resistance to change and the ability of a brand to withstand bad news like product or service failure. In extreme cases, it could lead to addiction. It is the next step after strong brand attitudes. ) Brand Activity: The extent to which customers use the bran, talk to others about the brand and seek out brand information, promotions and events. The interesting thing here is how brand awareness and associations are part of salience when it comes to CBBE. The Brand Attitudes deals with judgements and feelings and brand attachment and activity is to do with resonance. Essentially the brand building process is putting out in customer mind-set. The above two steps relate to price premiums and elasticity. Especially the second one. Multiplier II) Marketplace Conditions MultiplierThe extent to which value created in the minds of customers affects market performance depends on factors beyond the individual. An individual might have high resonance with the brand but if the market conditions that is the external environment of the brand is not supportive, it can be disastrous for the brand’s market performance. Some of these factors include: 1) Competitive Superiority: If the competition has better programs, it is definetly going to harm your brand as the mindspace for your line of product cateogory will be taken by that of your competitor. ) Channel and Other Intermediary Support: After your brand is out there in the market, it goes into the hands of various other intermediaries such as franchisees, distributers, retailers etc. who have as much impact on the brand as the marketing program itself. So, unless they reinforce the same brand values that the marketing program does. 3) Customer Size and Profile: In the end, it depends on your customers, who are they? What are they capable of spending? Is it Profitable to cater them? These questions are as important as any.Unless the customer size is huge and hence, the profile is broad, a marketing program may not have enough impact. Step III) Market Performance This produces the brand’s performance in the marketplace – how much an d when customers purchase, the price that they pay and so forth. Brand value is created by several ways: 1) Price Premiums and Elasticity: Greater price premiums and ore elastic responses to price decreases and ineleastic responses to price increases. This is contributed by the first two things. 2) Market Share: The amount of the brand that people buy in a particular category. ) Brand Expansion: The success of the brand allows it to have the ability to add enhancements to the revenue streams by category extensions and new-products. 4) Cost Structure: Reduced marketing program expenditures thanks to the prevailing customer mind-set. When customers already have favorable opinions and knowledge about a brand. Any aspect is likely to be more effective for the expenditure level. Also lower cost because ads are more memorable, sales calls, more productive and so on. 5) All these lead to Brand Profitability. Multiplier III) Investor Sentiment MultiplierFinancial analysts and investors consider those of factors in arriving at their brand valuations and investment decisions. Some of them include: 1) Market Dynamics: The financial market that the brand is important as it fives the brand the necessary tools for its success. These include interest rate, investor sentiment, supply of capital etc. 2) Growth Potential: The rate at which the economy grows, country policies, PESTEL. Etc affects the growth of the brand too. 3) Risk Profile: Despite of the success of the brand, it might be risky based on the needs it fulfills. Its vulnerability about its facilitating and inhibiting factors. ) Brand Contribution: The importance that the brand has in its bigger portfolio also matters. If it is consequential, the ups and downs of the market performance may really affect the shareholder value. Step V) Shareholder Value The final step which involves both current and forecasted information about the brand as well as many consideations, the financial market formulates opinions and assessments that have very direct financial implication for the brand value. The most important indicators are the stock price, the P/E multiples and overall market capitalization for the firm. How to cite Keller’s Brand Value Chain, Papers

Occupational Health Management Plan and Side Effects of Smoking

Question: Discuss about the Development of an Occupational Health Management Plan and Side Effects of Smoking. Answer: Introduction The smoking of the cigarette or rather any other tobacco product by the youths and the young adults can result in severe and potentially harmful health issues on the instant or in the long-term usage. The side effects may consequentially cause lung cancer and other related respiratory complications or even result in death. The cigarette smoke comprises of the complex mixture of different chemicals. Some of the smoke components are in gaseous form; include the carbon monoxide, the hydrogen cyanide, and the oxides of Nitrogen. Other elements in the volatile state which include the formaldehyde, the acrolein, the benzene and the N-nitrosamines. The volatile substances are contained as chemicals in the in the fluid section of the cigarette smoke aerosol(Ng, et al., 2014). Finally, the other substances include nicotine, the phenol, the polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the particular tobacco-specific nitrosamines that got found in the solid particles which get suspended in the smoke produced from smoking cigarette. In this essay assignment, I shall give the description of the tobacco industry, discuss the occupational health hazard and the associated risk factors for working in the tobacco firm and the occupational of the health program with the desired outcomes and the aims of the program. The Tobacco Industry In the world, the British American Tobacco and the Imperial Tobacco are amongst the largest tobacco processing companies. In the tobacco industry that I would be focusing on covers quite a large space for its premises. The tobacco firm like any other manufacturing plant covers the vast tracts of land so that there is adequate space for the allocation of the departmental offices which include the administration offices, the equipment and tools offices, the store, marketing premises, machine cooling points and many others(Hirayama, 2010). Tobacco industry observes the gender equity by offering equal opportunities for both the males and females to access and serve as the workers of this deadly company. Usually, the gender equity involves the fairness and do highlight the different needs of both the men and the women in the struggle of attaining the equality during the workers' recruitment process. Though, in most circumstances, since the production involves the emission of harmful subst ances, females tend to avoid applying for the works advertised by the tobacco firms(Agaku, King, Dube, CDC, 2014). As a result of this, more men are found to be serving at this firms than the number of females working herein. Furthermore, most women view the process of tobacco processing as the role for men, and it involves much energy utilization. In the tobacco industry, most of the workers consist of the young, energetic people aged between eighteen years and thirty-five years. Though there are also a reasonable number of adult people, who are still working in the firm waiting to retire as they share their experience of long-term serving in the production of cigarettes and other tobacco products(Doll Hill, 2016). Usually, the tobacco companies do set age limits for the workers they put on the payroll. Such that too old workers are requested to retire and create room for the young energetic and innovative workers to serve in the plant. Furthermore, the tobacco firm takes the child labor regulation serious such that it prohibits the employment of underage workers or simply young children. The tobacco company has moved an extra step ahead and set up foundations that get laid down for the fight against the child labor in various countries such as Kenya and Burundi. In the focus of the socio-economic background the tobacco industrys workers, most of them are middle-class earners. The middle-class earners are in a sound financial position to support their families in meeting their daily basic needs and promoting education of their children. The workers earn a considerable amount of income which sustains them from one period of earning to the next period of receiving payment once again(Yach Bettcher, 2010). The workers that have served for long and had higher qualifications do receive considerably higher incomes, thus get classified as first class economically. The tobacco firm absorbs workers who might be immediate graduates from universities without much experience and knowledge about the enterprise. The firm through its training department offers the new workers intensive and adequate training on the operations of the plant. As time goes by the fresh graduates gets well equipped technologically and technically on the activities of the company in either the production process, packaging or the marketing work(Ling Glantz, 2012). Although the company never relies on the new employees only, it has many employees who have got more experience in the daily running of the company activities. In most, these are the workers onto whom the newly absorbed employees operate under and learn from them on how to operate company equipment and perform certain tasks efficiently. Most of the employees serving the tobacco industry are under the contract terms before getting signed into permanent terms. For instance, the fresh graduates get absorbed to provide services for the one-year internship before being given an opportunity to apply for the entry jobs(Wayne Connolly, 2014). As usual practice, the human resource and the recruitment department seeks to employ new workers on the contractual terms which may get renewed on the basis of the employers performance. In most cases, the contracts signed lasts for a duration of three years after which it gets renewed. The workers who are serving at the cigarette production firm have a greater exposure to the hazardous substances in the process. For instance, the workers may get exposed to the harmful cigarette components that quite harmful and detrimental to the health of the workers(Jha Peto, 2014). For example, the exposure to the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen cyanide gaseous substances, the formaldehyde, the acrolein, and the benzene which are volatile chemicals. Moreover, the workers may get exposure to the submicron-sized particles which are in the solid state and get suspended in the cigarette smoke. Focusing on how the chemicals from the cigarette are quite complex, it sets a clear sign of how highly adverse the cigarette smoking is to the health of the worker or any other smoker. The Hydrogen Cyanide gas may affect the workers or smokers respiratory system through its very toxic impacts on the respiratory cilia aligned in the respiratory tract. Also, the hydrogen cyanide may get to cro ss over into the mothers placenta and have detrimental toxic effects on the developing fetus. Besides, the hydrogen cyanide gas may further result in the nerve destruction in the cigarette smokers who have a diagnosis of the optic neuropathy. The Occupational Health Hazard and Associated Risks The occupational health hazard that associated with working at the tobacco industry involves the cigarette smoke products and the dangers as a result of smoking. The health risk is a result of the exposure to the materials used in the processing of the tobacco, production and smoking of the cigarettes, the exposure to the radiations from the machines used and the excessive heat. Mostly, not only the smokers are affected but also the secondary smokers are largely affected by the smoking activity(connolly Alpert, 2014). Several main health effects arise out of tobacco. Such effects on the primary smoker or the secondary smoker include cancer, the non-cancerous lung diseases, the atherosclerotic diseases that affect both the heart and the blood vessels. Additionally, the toxic substances from the cigarette smoke affect the reproductive system of the workers and the smokers. On the risk assessment, cancer caused by cigarette smoking affects several organs such as the lung, the esophagus, the larynx, the oral cavity, the kidney bladder, and the pancreas on the users. Based on the statistical studies, it unfolds as fact the indeed the cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer in the American states which gets approximately ninety percent of the cancer cases in men and roughly seventy-nine percent in women(Goetzel, et al., 2014). The United States statistics are in accordance as reported by the U.S. Department of the Health and the Human Services in the year 1989. Furthermore, the smoking habit got attributed to the contributing factor in the increasing risk factor for the kidney, the liver, the anus, the penis, and the uterine cervix including the different forms of acute leukemia. Similarly, the several epidemiological studies that have got conducted with a wider coverage of the most experienced ladies and gentlemen over numerous years do reveal that the smokers have got a very high risk of contracting cancer disease. It happens that the contracted cancer usually develops proportionately with the increase in the number of the cigarettes smoked on a daily basis, the smokers habit of cigarette usage in his/her lifetime, and also the early age of beginning to smoke(Moodie, et al., 2013). Scientific research has shown that the cessation of the cigarette smoking significantly reduces the chances for cancer development, although the persistent extra risk has got observed even after the two decades have passed since the cessation of smoking. Human cancers do develop from the interaction between the smoke of the cigarette with the cancer causative agents which include the alcohol consumption, the asbestos, and the radon daughters. The condensates that get collected fr om the cigarette smoke lead to the mutations and the damage to the DNA(Barrington-Trimis, Samet, McConnell, 2014). The laboratory assay tests conducted have confirmed the mutagenesis process and the malignant transformation of the chemicals ability to bring about the malignant changes in the mammalian cells. Some of the legal requirements that need to get implemented should include the doing with some appealing advertisements which lure young people into the smoking behavior. Strict regulation should get put in place so that the minor children do not get access to the cigarette and rather stay away from clubs where smoking is common(Anttila, Boffetta, Straif, 2014). The concerned bodies should create public smoking areas so that smokers do not smoke anywhere affecting the non-smokers. Through the creation of the smoking zones, the effects of the cigarette smoke would not ever be felt by the non-smokers unlike when they are the victims as a result of the primary smokers(Cooklin, Joss, Husser, Oldenburg, 2015). Indeed, change is needed quite urgently since millions of the smokers are losing their lives every second by succumbing death out of cancer pandemic. The government and other authorities should take urgent steps and tax the tobacco industry heavily with the aim of ensuring the ind ustry get losses and as a result, it gets to collapse. Although the management of the firm may try to fight back for the continuity of their business with an ignorant stand that it is not smoking which causes cancer diseases, they should get pushed until their business collapses to save lives. Occupational Health Program The occupational health program in the tobacco shall include several components. The first step should be identifying and recognizing the hazard material or substances, which in this case is the cigarette smoke components. For any health and the safety program, these should get taken into consideration. The program goals and outcomes include the struggle to reduce the number of cigarette smokers, setting regulations to deter underage children from starting early smoking and the ban on certain tobacco products(Mazurek England, 2016). For an occupational safety and the healthy program to be effective and success, the following elements should get implemented; the management commitment and the employee involvement in decision making, the analysis of the work site. Furthermore, there should be the prevention and control of the hazard chemicals, and the offering of safety and the health training. The program should get closely monitored by the human rights organizations, the world health agencies, the government agencies and the other associations interested in humanity. Evaluation tools should include the paperwork in which the workers get provided with the written questions concerning the health program implementation in the area(Rodgman Green, 2014). Further, observation, conducting interviews, preparation of the monkey surveys for the online evaluation. Conclusion It is evident that the cigarette is quite a very unfortunate habitual practice which results in the adverse health effects. The cigarette smoke consists of the very complex components such as the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen cyanide gasses, the volatile substances such as the acrolein, the formaldehyde, the benzene and the N-nitrosamines. Other solid particles such as the polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the tobacco-specific nitrosamines get suspended in the cigarette smoke. The cigarette components may lead to the cancer pandemic, the non-cancerous lung diseases and have the effect on both the male and the female reproductive organs. The tobacco industry has got a vast space for its fundamental premises. The industry tries as much as possible to employ both the young people through the graduate trainee program and the middle-aged people. The recruitment of the new employees gets based on the contract terms before the permanent intake. The common health hazard in the tobacco industr y is the hazardous smoke components which have got adverse and toxic health effects. Regulations should get set so that children get protected from early smoking. Further, public smoking zones should get set up with the aim of reducing the number of the secondary smokers. Finally, appropriate occupational health program should get implemented for example the identification and the recognition of the health hazard and take the necessary measures. References Agaku, I. T., King, B. A., Dube, S. R., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Current cigarette smoking among adultsUnited States, 20052012.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,63(2), 29-34. Anttila, S., Boffetta, P., Straif, K. (Eds.). (2014).Occupational cancers. Springer. Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Samet, J. M., McConnell, R. (2014). Flavorings in electronic cigarettes: an unrecognized respiratory health hazard?.Jama,312(23), 2493-2494. Connolly, G. N., Alpert, H. R. (2014). Has the tobacco industry evaded the FDA's ban on Lightcigarette descriptors?.Tobacco control,23(2), 140-145. Goetzel, R. Z., Henke, R. M., Tabrizi, M., Pelletier, K. R., Loeppke, R., Ballard, D. W., ... Serxner, S. (2014). Do workplace health promotion (wellness) programs work?.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,56(9), 927-934. Cooklin, A., Joss, N., Husser, E., Oldenburg, B. (2015). Integrated approaches to occupational health and safety: a systematic review.American journal of health promotion, ajhp-141027. Doll, R., Hill, A. B. (2016). Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking.British medical journal,2(5001), 1071. Hirayama, T. (2010). Non-smoking wives of heavy smokes have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,78(7), 940-942. Jha, P., Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco.New England Journal of Medicine,370(1), 60-68. Ling, P. M., Glantz, S. A. (2012). Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents.American Journal of Public Health,92(6), 908-916. Mazurek, J. M., England, L. J. (2016). Cigarette smoking among working women of reproductive ageUnited States, 20092013.Nicotine Tobacco Research,18(5), 894-899. Moodie, R., Stuckler, D., Monteiro, C., Sheron, N., Neal, B., Thamarangsi, T., ... Lancet NCD Action Group. (2013). Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries.The Lancet,381(9867), 670-679. Ng, M., Freeman, M. K., Fleming, T. D., Robinson, M., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Thomson, B., ... Murray, C. J. (2014). Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.Jama,311(2), 183-192. Rodgman, A., Green, C. R. (2014). Toxic chemicals in cigarette mainstream smoke-hazard and hoopla.Beitrge zur Tabakforschung/Contributions to Tobacco Research,20(8), 481-545. Wayne, G. F., Connolly, G. N. (2014). Application, function, and effects of menthol in cigarettes: a survey of tobacco industry documents.Nicotine Tobacco Research,6(Suppl 1), S43-S54. McCambridge, J. (2016). Ethical issues raised by tobacco industry?linked research in the era of e?cigarettes.Addiction. Yach, D., Bettcher, D. (2010). Globalisation of tobacco industry influence and new global responses.Tobacco control,9(2), 206-216.